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Paper accepted: CADLAD: Device-aware Bitrate Ladder Construction for HTTP Adaptive Streaming

18th International Conference on Network and Service Management (CNSM 2022)

Thessaloniki, Greece | 31 October – 4 November 2022

Conference Website

Minh Nguyen (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria), Babak Taraghi (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria), Abdelhak Bentaleb (National University of Singapore, Singapore), Roger Zimmermann (National University of Singapore, Singapore), and Christian Timmerer (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Austria)

Abstract: Considering network conditions, video content, and viewer device type/screen resolution to construct a bitrate ladder is necessary to deliver the best Quality of Experience (QoE).
A large-screen device like a TV needs a high bitrate with high resolution to provide good visual quality, whereas a small one like a phone requires a low bitrate with low resolution. In
addition, encoding high-quality levels at the server side while the network is unable to deliver them causes unnecessary cost for the content provider. Recently, the Common Media Client Data (CMCD) standard has been proposed, which defines the data that is collected at the client and sent to the server with its HTTP requests. This data is useful in log analysis, quality of service/experience monitoring and delivery improvements.

cadlad

 

In this paper, we introduce a CMCD-Aware per-Device bitrate LADder construction (CADLAD) that leverages CMCD to address the above issues. CADLAD comprises components at both client and server sides. The client calculates the top bitrate (tb) — a CMCD parameter to indicate the highest bitrate that can be rendered at the client — and sends it to the server together with its device type and screen resolution. The server decides on a suitable bitrate ladder, whose maximum bitrate and resolution are based on CMCD parameters, to the client device with the purpose of providing maximum QoE while minimizing delivered data. CADLAD has two versions to work in Video on
Demand (VoD) and live streaming scenarios. Our CADLAD is client agnostic; hence, it can work with any players and ABR algorithms at the client. The experimental results show that CADLAD is able to increase the QoE by 2.6x while saving 71% of delivered data, compared to an existing bitrate ladder of an available video dataset. We implement our idea within CAdViSE — an open-source testbed for reproducibility.

 

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Radu Prodan, Sashko Ristov and Andrei Amza participated in the CardioHPC project meeting

From August 16.-19.2022, a CardioHPC project meeting took place in Skopje, Macedonia. Radu Prodan, Andrei Amza and Sahsko Ristvo participated for AAU.

Vignesh V Menon
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Video Coding Enhancements for HTTP Adaptive Streaming

ACM Multimedia Conference – Doctoral Symposium Track

Lisbon, Portugal | 10-14 October 2022

Vignesh V Menon (Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt)

Abstract: Rapid growth in multimedia streaming traffic over the Internet motivates the research and further investigation of the video coding performance of such services in terms of speed and Quality of Experience (QoE). HTTP Adaptive Streaming (HAS) is today’s de-facto standard to deliver clients the highest possible video quality. In HAS, the same video content is encoded at multiple bitrates, resolutions, framerates, and coding formats called representations. This study aims to (i) provide fast and compression-efficient multi-bitrate, multi-resolution representations, (ii) provide fast and compression-efficient multi-codec representations, (iii) improve the encoding efficiency of Video on Demand (VoD) streaming using content-adaptive encoding optimizations, and (iv) provide encoding schemes with optimizations per-title for live streaming applications to decrease the storage or delivery costs or/and increase QoE.

The ideal video compression system for HAS envisioned in this doctoral study.

 

Hadi
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Paper accepted: Estimation of JND Step Sizes for VMAF-based Bitrate Laddering

Between Two and Six? Towards Correct Estimation of JND Step Sizes for VMAF-based Bitrate Laddering

14th International Conference on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX)
September 5-7, 2022 | Lippstadt, Germany

Hadi Amirpour (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt), Raimund Schatz (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria), and Christian Timmerer (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt)

Abstract: We currently witness the rapidly growing importance of intelligent video streaming quality optimization and reduction of video delivery costs. Per-Title encoding, in contrast to a fixed bitrate ladder, shows significant promise to deliver higher quality video streams by addressing the trade-off between compression efficiency and video characteristics such as resolution and frame rate. Selecting encodings with noticeable quality differences in between prevents the construction of an inefficient bitrate ladder that suffers from too similar quality representations. In this respect, the VMAF metric represents a promising foundation for bitrate laddering, as it currently yields the highest video quality prediction performance. However, the minimum noticeable quality difference, referred as to just-noticeable-difference (JND), has not been properly validated for VMAF yet, with existing sources proposing highly diverse ΔVMAF step sizes ranging from two to six.

Hadi
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Paper accepted: Fully Random Access Light Field Image Compression

FuRA: Fully Random Access Light Field Image Compression

10th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP)
September 11-14, 2022 | Lisbon, Portugal

Hadi Amirpour (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt),  Christine Guillemot (INRIA, France), and Christian Timmerer (Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt)

Abstract: Light fields are typically represented by multi-view images and enable post-capture actions such as refocusing and perspective shift. To compress a light field image, its view images are typically converted into a pseudo video sequence (PVS) and the generated PVS is compressed using a video codec. However, when using the inter-coding tool of a video codec to exploit the redundancy among view images, the possibility to randomly access any view image is lost. On the other hand, when video codecs independently encode view images using the intra-coding tool, random access to view images is enabled, however, at the expense of a significant drop in the compression efficiency. To address this trade-off, we propose to use neural representations to represent 4D light fields. For each light field, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) is trained to map the light field four dimensions to the color space, thus enabling random access even to pixels. To achieve higher compression efficiency, neural network compression techniques are deployed. The proposed method outperforms the compression efficiency of HEVC inter-coding, while providing random access to view images and even pixel values.

Fully Random Access Light Field Image Compression

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Paper Accepted @ Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing

Title: MCred: Multi-Modal Message Credibility for Fake News Detection using BERT and CNN

Journal: Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing

Authors: Pawan Kumar Verma, Prateek Agrawal, Vishu Madaan, Radu Prodan

Abstract:

Online social media enables low cost, easy access, rapid propagation, and easy communication of information, including spreading low-quality fake news. Fake news has become a huge threat to every sector in society, and resulting in decrements in the trust quotient for media and leading the audience into bewilderment. In this paper, we proposed a new framework called Message Credibility (MCred) for fake news detection that utilizes the benefits of local and global text semantics. This framework is the fusion of Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) using the relationship between words in sentences for global text semantics and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) using N-gram features for local text semantics. We demonstrate through experimental results a popular Kaggle dataset that MCred improves the accuracy over a state-of-the-art model by 1.10%, thanks to its combination of local and global text semantics.

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A Webbing Journey @ Level Up 2022

On Friday and Saturday (July 1 and July 2, 2022), Sebastian Uitz presented his game “A Webbing Journey” with his partner Manuel Santner at the Level Up event in the Messezentrum Salzburg. This was the biggest event they presented their game at, with a 300m² area for indie games and over 20.000m² in total. Over 6.500 people visited the event, and 2 PCs were provided for their game. In the end, 6 PCs were running “A Webbing Journey” due to some game developers not making it or leaving the event early. All the PCs were in constant use, and all players had so much fun playing the game, especially kids. This event and the last two provided so much feedback in the form of player tests, which have helped progress the game. The next goal is to implement all the feedback and releasing the new demo version on Steam.

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Paper accepted at IEEE Cluster 2022 Matching-based Scheduling of Asynchronous Data Processing Workflows on the Computing Continuum

Title: Matching-based Scheduling of Asynchronous Data Processing Workflows on the Computing Continuum

Heidelberg, Germany | September 6-9, 2022

https://clustercomp.org/2022/

Authors: Narges Mehran, Zahra Najafabadi Samani, Dragi Kimovski, Radu Prodan

Abstract: Today’s distributed computing infrastructures encompass complex workflows for real-time data gathering, transferring, storage, and processing, quickly overwhelming centralized cloud centers. Recently, the computing continuum that federates the Cloud services with emerging Fog and Edge devices represents a relevant alternative for supporting the next-generation data processing workflows. However, eminent challenges in automating data processing across the computing continuum still exist, such as scheduling heterogeneous devices across the Cloud, Fog, and Edge layers. We propose a new scheduling algorithm called C3-MATCH, based on matching theory principles, involving two sets of players negotiating different utility functions: 1) workflow microservices that prefer computing devices with lower data processing and queuing times; 2) computing continuum devices that prefer microservices with corresponding resource requirements and less data transmission time. We evaluate C3-MATCH using real-world road sign inspection and sentiment analysis workflows on a federated computing continuum across four Cloud, Fog, and Edge providers. Our combined simulation and real execution results reveal that C3-MATCH achieves up to 67% lower completion time compared to three state-of-the-art methods.

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Paper accepted: Low Latency Live Streaming Implementation in DASH and HLS

Low Latency Live Streaming Implementation in DASH and HLS

ACM Multimedia Conference – OSS Track

Lisbon, Portugal | 10-14 October 2022

Abdelhak Bentaleb (National University of Singapore), Zhengdao Zhan (National University of Singapore), Farzad Tashtarian (Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt), May Lim (National University of Singapore), Saad Harous (University of Sharjah), Christian Timmerer (Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt), Hermann Hellwagner (Christian Doppler Laboratory ATHENA, Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt), and Roger Zimmermann (National University of Singapore)

Low latency live streaming over HTTP using Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP (LL-DASH) and HTTP Live Streaming} (LL-HLS) has emerged as a new way to deliver live content with respectable video quality and short end-to-end latency. Satisfying these requirements while maintaining viewer experience in practice is challenging, and adopting conventional adaptive bitrate (ABR) schemes directly to do so will not work. Therefore, recent solutions including LoL$^+$, L2A, Stallion, and Llama re-think conventional ABR schemes to support low-latency scenarios. These solutions have been integrated with dash.js  that support LL-DASH. However, their performance in LL-HLS remains in question. To bridge this gap, we implement and integrate existing LL-DASH ABR schemes in the hls.js video player which supports LL-HLS.
Moreover, a series of real-world trace-driven experiments have been conducted to check their efficiency under various network conditions including a comparison with results achieved for LL-DASH in dash.js.

A Webbing Journey @ Button Festival 2022

On Friday and Saturday (June 24 and June 25, 2022), Sebastian Uitz presented his game “A Webbing Journey” together with his partner Michael Steinkellner at the Button Festival in the Stadthalle Graz. This time 3 PCs have been prepared so more people could play the game. The feedback from last week’s event was implemented, and the results were fantastic. Everybody loved the game, especially the kids. Some of them came back several times to play the game over and over.